纠正你2点错误
1，既然前端ajax的type: "POST"，那就请不要设置async: false，不然POST的意义何在？（当然这不是出错的主要原因，仅作为提醒）
2，后端SpringMvc方法的参数绑定，你这么个写法一定要加上required = false。如下：

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/ceshi")
public class ceshi {

@RequestMapping("/index")
@ResponseBody
public String index(HttpServletRequest request, HttpSession httpSession, 
        @RequestParam(value = "page", required = false, defaultValue = "1") int page,
        @RequestParam(value = "rows", required = false, defaultValue = "1") int rows,
        Map<String,Object> map) {
    try {
        //TODO ....
    } catch (Exception e) {
    }
    return "hello";
}   

}

这样下断点就能进入了，祝你成功